• Subdural hematoma and traumatic subarachnoid blood are the most common hemorrhagic computed tomographic (CT) findings in patients with head injury.
• In the patient with signs of brain herniation and borderline or shock vital signs, the ideal hyperosmotic agent is hypertonic saline.
• Although the incidence of traumatic findings on a cranial CT scan in patients with head injury, loss of consciousness, and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 is about 6%, the need for neurosurgical intervention in this cohort is 0.4%.
• Guidelines for ordering CT scans in adults after head trauma are the Canadian CT head rule and the New Orleans criteria. The guideline for pediatric patients is the PECARN set of rules.
• Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate can rapidly reverse the effects of warfarin in patients with intracranial hemorrhage.
• For the athlete with head injury, immediate removal from play and a graded increase in activity as long as the patient is asymptomatic are the basis of concussion management.

• Pathophysiology of infection stone formation
• Workup of patients suspected of having infection stones, including imaging
• Surgical management
• Medical Therapy

• Microsurgical toe transfer in children after traumatic amputation
• Single stage thumb reconstruction
• Cultural considerations in thumb reconstruction

• The child’s global health and genetic counseling should be addressed before focusing on the upper limb disorder.
• The main aim when treating these disorders is improving hand function; however, aesthetics must also be considered when planning surgery.
• Reoperation rates are high for even the most common congenital hand defects treated by experienced surgeons.

• Employment of invasive methods of hemodynamic monitoring allows the bedside estimation of global cardiovascular function and the independent determinants of cardiac function
• Global cardiac function and preload can be estimated with a peripheral arterial line.
• Assessment of adequacy of cardiac function during resuscitation from shock involves measurement of both blood flow and blood pressure.

• Presents extensive evidence-based appreciation of the risks of operating on patients with some non-cirrhotic liver disease, particularly various forms of acute hepatitis —especially alcoholic—acute liver failure, steatosis, and steatohepatitis, and rare entities such as Wilson disease.
• Substantiates the relative safety of minimally invasive surgery in patients with mild or moderately advanced cirrhosis, compared to open surgery, for many operations.
• Amasses numerous clinical results that link the outcomes of a wide spectrum of surgical operations in patients with cirrhosis to indices of severity of liver injury, especially the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and class, and/or the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score.
• Describes a decision tree devised to guide clinicians in determining whether or not to proceed to surgery in any given patient with acute or chronic liver disease, depending on the severity of the liver disease. 

• Variable laser settings
• Working wires
• Troubleshooting difficult ureteral access

• Use of neuromodulation in overactive bladder 
• Expanding indications for sacral neuromodulation 
• Future technologies in development