• In the setting of preterm premature rupture of membranes, pregnancy outcome is contingent upon the underlying cause, gestational age at diagnosis and delivery, and presence of complications (placental abruption, infection).
• Latency (time from rupture of membranes to delivery) depends on gestational age, severity of oligohydramnios, number of fetuses (shorter in twins), presence or absence of complications, fetal wellbeing, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
• Efforts to reseal ruptured membranes using a variety of tissue sealants has been attempted, but neither the safety nor efficacy of these sealants has yet been established.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

Updated Review

Annette Esper, MD, Greg S Martin, MD, MSc, FACP, Gerald W. Staton Jr, MD, FACP

• The Berlin definition (2011) is now used to define ARDS. Timing: new or worsening respiratory failure within 1 wk of known clinical insult. Chest imaging: bilateral opacities not fully explained by effusions, atelectasis, or nodules. Oxygenation parameters measured by PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio < 300, and PEEP or CPAP > 5.
• Recent epidemiologic studies reveal that outcomes for patients with ARDS are improving.
• Machine learning can be used to screen for ARDS using ventilator waveform data. It shows benefit in detecting moderate/severe ARDS without necessity of radiologic and ABG data.

• Meta-analyses reveal that noninvasive positive pressure ventilation decreases mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is useful in treating hypoxemia and decreases the work of breathing and may improve mortality in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
• Ancillary features that can be routinely visualized on an anteroposterior chest radiograph made with a portable x-ray machine may help differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A widened vascular pedicle and an increase in the cardiothoracic ratio suggest increased pulmonary capillary pressure; distinct air bronchograms are more common with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

• Expanded options for biomaterials used as implants have decreased donor site morbidity and operative time.
• High-resolution computed tomography (CT) permits greater detail than prior generations of CT.
• Three-dimensional imaging, computer-guided navigation, and mirror image overlay have improved surgical navigation and virtual surgical planning and allowed more accurate facial reconstruction.
• Endoscopy facilitates access to and repair of frontal sinus and orbital injuries.