Latest Updates

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hypernatremia

    • Hydrochlorothiazide is not beneficial in treating ICU-acquired hypernatremia
    • Hypernatremia after hypertonic saline irrigation is rare, but might cause severe complications
    • Hypercalcemia induces targeted autophagic degradation of aquaporin-2 at the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
    • Hypernatremia identified as new predictor of worse clinical outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).

Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia

    • Disorders of water and sodium balance are among the most common in the clinical setting and require a clear understanding of osmolality.
    • Hyponatremia is defined as plasma sodium concentration falling below 135 mEq/L.
    • Acute hyponatremia has been associated with postoperative complications, oxytocin infusions, cyclophosphamide infusions, exercise, and water intoxication (eg, methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
    • Chronic hyponatremia can be found in hypovolemic (eg, diarrhea, diuretics, hypoaldosteronism), euvolemic (eg, SIADH, AIDS, hypothyroidism), and hypervolemic states (eg, renal failure, cirrhosis).
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