Opioid-Sparing Analgesics in Chronic Pain Management
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Approach to the Patient with an Abnormal Drug Screen
- Understanding the new diagnostic terminology for substance misuse conditions as defined by the newest DSM-5
- Identifying risk factors for substance misuse disorders and subsequently understanding clinical and social factors involved in this condition
- Understanding various laboratory techniques used in routine urine drug tests performed in clinical practice

- Epidemiologic studies have emphasized the limitations of accurately studying the prevalence of tic disorders. Epidemiologic reports of the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in Tourette syndrome (TS) vary greatly based on the definitions used and range from 10 to 35% to approximately 40%.
- Some studies have cited higher levels of comorbidity when including obsessive-compulsive symptoms without fulfilling disorder criteria. Interestingly, patients with comorbid OCD have a higher likelihood of complex tics at the initial presentation, which can further blur the distinction between tics versus compulsions in this cohort.
- Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may occur later compared with tic onset, and psychoeducation should emphasize this possibility. However, OCD associated with TS has earlier onset compared with OCD alone.







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